An Alternative Perspective towards Reducing the Risk of Engineered Nanomaterials to Human Health

Abstract

To elucidate the impact of human exposure to engineered nanomaterials, advanced in vitro models are a valid non-animal alternative. Despite significant gains over the last decade, implementation of these approaches remains limited. This work discusses the current state-of-the-art and how future developments can lead to advanced in vitro models better supporting nano-hazard assessment.

Keywords: 3Rs; alternatives; in vitro systems; nanosafety; reduction; replacement.