Introduction: Between 5 and 25% of patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) can progress to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during the course of the disease. There is no clear predictive guideline for the progression of CLE to SLE.
Areas covered: Lupus erythematosus (LE), a chronic autoimmune disease, has a wide spectrum of manifestations. On one side of the spectrum is CLE, in which patients only display skin lesions. On the other side of the spectrum is SLE, which develops severe systemic involvement. CLE has even been considered as a separate entity from LE, while CLE is also proposed to be associated with SLE. In this review, the authors will describe the relationship between CLE and SLE; summarize the incidence, risk factors, systemic involvement, and management of patients who transition to SLE. The literature search was conducted mainly through PubMed from March to July 2020.
Expert opinion: The identification of clinical characteristics and biomarkers in patients facing risk of developing SLE and monitoring the disease on a regular basis are essential to promptly manage and hopefully prevent transition to the systemic form.
Keywords: Cutaneous lupus erythematosus; discoid lupus erythematosus; disease progression; subacute lupus erythematosus; systemic lupus erythematosus.