Comparison and validation of seven white matter hyperintensities segmentation software in elderly patients

Abstract

Background: Manual segmentation is currently the gold standard to assess white matter hyperintensities (WMH), but it is time consuming and subject to intra and inter-operator variability.

Purpose: To compare automatic methods to segment white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in the elderly in order to assist radiologist and researchers in selecting the most relevant method for application on clinical or research data.

Material and methods: We studied a research dataset composed of 147 patients, including 97 patients from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) 2 database and 50 patients from ADNI 3 and a clinical routine dataset comprising 60 patients referred for cognitive impairment at the Pitié-Salpêtrière hospital (imaged using four different MRI machines). We used manual segmentation as the gold standard reference. Both manual and automatic segmentations were performed using FLAIR MRI. We compared seven freely available methods that produce segmentation mask and are usable by a radiologist without a strong knowledge of computer programming: LGA (Schmidt et al., 2012), LPA (Schmidt, 2017), BIANCA (Griffanti et al., 2016), UBO detector (Jiang et al., 2018), W2MHS (Ithapu et al., 2014), nicMSlesion (with and without retraining) (Valverde et al., 2019, 2017). The primary outcome for assessing segmentation accuracy was the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between the manual and the automatic segmentation software. Secondary outcomes included five other metrics.

Results: A deep learning approach, NicMSlesion, retrained on data from the research dataset ADNI, performed best on this research dataset (DSC: 0.595) and its DSC was significantly higher than that of all others. However, it ranked fifth on the clinical routine dataset and its performance severely dropped on data with artifacts. On the clinical routine dataset, the three top-ranked methods were LPA, SLS and BIANCA. Their performance did not differ significantly but was significantly higher than that of other methods.

Conclusion: This work provides an objective comparison of methods for WMH segmentation. Results can be used by radiologists to select a tool.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Dementia; Microvascular; Segmentation; White matter hyperintensity.