Efficacy of an iron-fortified infant cereal to reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia in young children in East Cameroon

Tetanye Ekoe; Ousmaila I Bianpambe; Felicitee Nguefack; Daniel M Pondi; Marie M Kana-Sop; Nicholas P Hays; Gabriel Medoua; Paul N Koki

doi:10.1002/fsn3.1639

Efficacy of an iron-fortified infant cereal to reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia in young children in East Cameroon

Food Sci Nutr. 2020 Jun 4;8(7):3566-3577. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1639. eCollection 2020 Jul.

Authors

Tetanye Ekoe¹, Ousmaila I Bianpambe¹, Felicitee Nguefack¹, Daniel M Pondi¹, Marie M Kana-Sop², Nicholas P Hays³, Gabriel Medoua⁴, Paul N Koki¹

Affiliations

¹ Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Yaoundé I Yaoundé Cameroon.
² Faculty of Sciences University of Douala Douala Cameroon.
³ Nestlé Product Technology Center - Nutrition Vevey Switzerland.
⁴ Food and Nutrition Research Center Institute for Medical Research and Study of Medicinal Plants Yaoundé Cameroon.

Abstract

Complementary foods in Africa are often poor sources of bioavailable iron. We assessed the efficacy of iron-fortified wheat-based infant cereal (IC) to reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 18-59 months in Cameroon. A 6-month double-blind, cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2017 among anemic (hemoglobin 7-11 g/dl) but otherwise healthy children. In conjunction with usual diet, children received two 50 g servings/day of a standard, micronutrient-fortified IC (providing 3.75 mg iron/serving; n = 106) or the same IC without iron fortification (n = 99). Anthropometric measurements, blood sampling, and systematic deworming were performed in all children at baseline (pre-intervention), 3, and 6 months. Mean hemoglobin, ferritin adjusted for C-reactive protein (CRP), serum iron, transferrin saturation, prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia as well as anthropometrics were compared between the groups at baseline, 3, and 6 months. Compared to the control group, children consuming the iron-fortified IC had significantly higher baseline-adjusted mean hemoglobin (10.0 ± 1.8 vs. 9.7 ± 1.4 g/dl, respectively; p = .023), ferritin adjusted for CRP (16.1 ± 8.3 vs. 9.5 ± 7.5 μg/L, p < .001), serum iron (14.5 ± 3.9 vs. 11.2 ± 4.4 μg/dl; p < .001), and transferrin saturation (19.0 ± 17.4 vs. 10.7 ± 12.5%; p ˂ .001) at 6 months. The prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia at 6 months decreased by a larger extent in the iron-fortified group versus controls (all p < .01). In addition, at 6 months, children in the iron-fortified group demonstrated higher weight-for-age z-scores (p = .016) compared to the control group. Wheat-based IC fortified with 7.5 mg ferrous fumarate administered daily for 6 months improved iron and nutritional status and decreased the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children aged 18-59 months in Salapoumbé, Cameroon.

Keywords: Africa; anemia; cluster‐randomized controlled trial; iron fortification; nutritional status; under‐five children.