Postweaning response on growth and nutrient digestion to using different weaning strategies when feeding moderate and high amounts of milk replacer to Holstein calves

Abstract

Many changes occur in the rumen as calves transition from consuming a liquid diet to a completely solid diet. These changes can influence growth and calf health, being greatly affected by preweaning diet as well as the transitional steps used to wean calves. A 2 × 2 factorial design of moderate [MOD; 0.66 kg of dry matter (DM)] or high (HI; up to 1.1 kg of DM) feeding rates of milk replacer (MR) and abrupt (AB; 7-d step-down) or gradual weaning (GR; 21-d step-down) was used to study how preweaning program affects calf performance from 2 to 4 mo of age. Calves (n = 50) were randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 preweaning treatments. For the following 56-d grower portion of the experiment, calves were grouped into 12 pens based on MR program, with 4 to 5 calves per pen. Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design, with repeated measures when applicable, by PROC MIXED in SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). All calves received ad libitum access to water and a textured starter [42% starch and 20% crude protein (CP)] blended with 5% chopped grass hay. Overall, apparent digestibility coefficients (dC) of DM, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were greater for MOD compared with HI, and apparent dC of DM and ADF were greater for GR than for AB. No significant differences were detected between organic matter, CP, fat, starch, or sugar dC based on treatment, and no interactions were observed. However, by d 56 only starch dC differed by treatment. Weaning body weight (BW), hip width (HW), and hip height (HH) were greater for HI compared with MOD calves. Weaning HH was greater for AB than for GR calves. However, final BW, HW, HH, and body condition score, as well as average daily gain, did not differ among treatments. An interaction occurred where feed efficiency (gain/feed) was reduced with GR weaning in MOD, whereas the opposite occurred in the HI group. When feeding calves a moderate level of MR, a several-step gradual weaning is not necessary to ensure growth and development; however, calves should be gradually weaned when offered a high level of MR.

Keywords: calves; digestibility; growth; postweaning.