An In Vitro Model of Nonattached Biofilm-Like Bacterial Aggregates Based on Magnetic Levitation

Abstract

Chronic infections are associated with the formation of nonattached biofilm-like aggregates. In vitro models of surface-attached biofilms do not always accurately mimic these processes. Here, we tested a new approach to create in vitro nonattached bacterial aggregates using the principle of magnetic levitation of biological objects placed into a magnetic field gradient. Bacteria grown under magnetic levitation conditions formed nonattached aggregates that were studied with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and characterized quantitatively. Nonattached aggregates consisted of bacteria submerged into an extracellular matrix and demonstrated features characteristic of biofilms, such as a polymeric matrix that binds Ruby Red and Congo red dyes, a prerequisite of bacterial growth, and increased resistance to gentamicin. Three quantitative parameters were explored to characterize strain-specific potential to form nonattached aggregates: geometric sizes, relative quantities of aggregated and free-swimming bacteria, and Congo red binding. Among three tested Escherichia coli strains, one strain formed nonattached aggregates poorly, and for this strain, all three of the considered parameters were different from those of the other two strains (P < 0.05). Further, we characterized biofilm formation on plastic and agar surfaces by these strains and found that good biofilm formation ability does not necessarily indicate good nonattached aggregate formation ability, and vice versa. The model and quantitative methods can be applied for in vitro studies of nonattached aggregates and modeling bacterial behavior in chronic infections, as it is important to increase our understanding of the role that nonattached bacterial aggregates play in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases.IMPORTANCE An increasing amount of evidence indicates that chronic infections are associated with nonattached biofilm-like aggregates formed by pathogenic bacteria. These aggregates differ from biofilms because they form under low-shear conditions within the volume of biological fluids and they do not attach to surfaces. Here, we describe an in vitro model that provides nonattached aggregate formation within the liquid volume due to magnetic levitation. Using this model, we demonstrated that despite morphological and functional similarities of nonattached aggregates and biofilms, strains that exhibit good biofilm formation might exhibit poor nonattached aggregate formation, suggesting that mechanisms underlying the formation of biofilms and nonattached aggregates are not identical. The magnetic levitation approach can be useful for in vitro studies of nonattached aggregate formation and simulation of bacterial behavior in chronic infections.

Keywords: biofilms; chronic infections; magnetic levitation; models; nonattached biofilm-like aggregates.