The rampant generation of lithium hydroxide and carbonate impurities, commonly known as residual lithium, is a practical obstacle to the mass-scale synthesis and handling of high-nickel (>90 %) layered oxides and their use as high-energy-density cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Herein, we suggest a simple in situ method to control the residual lithium chemistry of a high-nickel lithium layered oxide, Li(Ni0.91 Co0.06 Mn0.03 )O2 (NCM9163), with minimal side effects. Based on thermodynamic considerations of the preferred reactions, we systematically designed a synthesis process that preemptively converts residual Li2 O (the origin of LiOH and Li2 CO3 ) into a more stable compound by injecting reactive SO2 gas. The preformed lithium sulfate thin film significantly suppresses the generation of LiOH and Li2 CO3 during both synthesis and storage, thereby mitigating slurry gelation and gas evolution and improving the cycle stability.
Keywords: differential electrochemical mass spectrometry; high-nickel lithium layered oxides; lithium-ion batteries; residual lithium; slurry gelation.
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