4-Ethoxybenzoic acid inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and potentiates biofilm sensitivity to vancomycin

Abstract

The adverse health effects of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm infections coupled with an increased global prevalence of antibiotic resistance highlight the need for novel anti-pathogenic, anti-biofilm compounds. The authors recently determined that ethyl-4-ethoxybenzoic acid (EEB) had anti-pathogenic, anti-biofilm activity. Based on this finding, a structure-activity analysis was undertaken to identify more effective compounds. Microtitre crystal violet assays followed by plate counts were conducted to measure the dose-dependent anti-biofilm and antimicrobial activities of 13 phenolic compounds related to EEB. By displaying these characteristics on a two-component plot, 4-ethoxybenzoic acid (4EB) and methyl gallate were identified as two anti-pathogenic, anti-biofilm compounds of interest. To characterize their mechanisms of activity, their effects on cell hydrophobicity, hemolysis activity, membrane integrity, extracellular polymeric substance production and vancomycin sensitivity were examined. Both 4EB and methyl gallate inhibited up to 87% of biofilm formation with minimal impact on the viability of stationary-phase cells or bacterial growth. Combination treatments of 4EB and vancomycin decreased the viability of biofilm-dwelling cells by up to 85% compared with vancomycin alone, indicating a synergistic effect. Methyl gallate did not potentiate vancomycin. 4EB decreased the percentage of hydrophobic cells in culture from 78% to 49%, indicating that 4EB may prevent biofilm formation by altering cell membrane hydrophobicity. These findings suggest that 4EB has potential as an anti-pathogenic, anti-biofilm agent for the prevention of S. aureus biofilms, or as a treatment for established biofilms when combined with antibiotics.

Keywords: 4-Ethoxybenzoic acid; Anti-biofilm; Anti-pathogenic; Hydrophobicity; Staphylococcus aureus; Vancomycin.