Thousands of synthetic chemicals and hydrocarbons are released to the marine environment composing the anthropogenic dissolved organic carbon (ADOC). Most ADOC is disproportionally hydrophobic, and consequently, its concentrations in the cell membranes are between a thousand and hundred million fold higher than those in the dissolved phase. Marine microorganisms respond to ADOC by multiple strategies ranging from ADOC degradation to detoxifying metabolisms. We argue that the increasing concentrations of ADOC in the oceans deriving from rivers, atmospheric deposition, and plastic leachates can have an effect on the health of the oceans and influence the major biogeochemical cycles, thus influencing the Earth system during the Anthropocene.