New Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes Based on Pyrrole Schiff Bases: Synthesis, Characterization, X-ray Structure, and Anticancer Activity

Simon N Mbugua; Nicole R S Sibuyi; Lydia W Njenga; Ruth A Odhiambo; Shem O Wandiga; Mervin Meyer; Roger A Lalancette; Martin O Onani

doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c00360

New Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes Based on Pyrrole Schiff Bases: Synthesis, Characterization, X-ray Structure, and Anticancer Activity

ACS Omega. 2020 Jun 19;5(25):14942-14954. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00360. eCollection 2020 Jun 30.

Authors

Simon N Mbugua^{1

2}, Nicole R S Sibuyi³, Lydia W Njenga², Ruth A Odhiambo², Shem O Wandiga², Mervin Meyer³, Roger A Lalancette⁴, Martin O Onani¹

Affiliations

¹ Organometallics and Nanomaterials, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
² Department of Chemistry, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya.
³ Department of Science and Technology/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (DST/Mintek NIC), Biolabels Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa.
⁴ Rutgers, Department of Chemistry, Rutgers State University, 73 Warren St., Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.

Abstract

New palladium (Pd)II and platinum (Pt)II complexes (C1-C5) from the Schiff base ligands, R-(phenyl)methanamine (L1), R-(pyridin-2-yl)methanamine (L2), and R-(furan-2-yl)methanamine (L3) (R-(E)-N-((1H-pyrrol-2-yl) methylene)) are herein reported. The complexes (C1-C5) were characterized by FTIR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR, UV-vis, and microanalyses. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis was performed for the two ligands (L1-L2) and a Pt complex. Both L1 and L2 belong to P2₁/n monoclinic and P-1 triclinic space systems, respectively. The complex C5 belongs to the P21/c monoclinic space group. The investigated molar conductivity of the complexes in DMSO gave the range 4.0-8.8 μS/cm, suggesting neutrality, with log P values ≥ 1.2692 ± 0.004, suggesting lipophilicity. The anticancer activity and mechanism of the complexes were investigated against various human cancerous (Caco-2, HeLa, HepG2, MCF-7, and PC-3) and noncancerous (MCF-12A) cell lines using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Apopercentage assays, respectively. C5 demonstrated strong DNA-binding affinity for calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) with a binding constant of 8.049 × 10⁴ M^-1. C3 reduced cell viability of all the six cell lines, which included five cancerous cell lines, by more than 80%. The C5 complex also demonstrated remarkably high selectivity with no cytotoxic activity toward the noncancerous breast cell line but reduced the viability of the five cancerous cell lines, which included one breast cancer cell line, by more than 60%. Further studies are required to evaluate the selective toxicity of these two complexes and to fully understand their mechanism of action.