Metallothionein 2A gene polymorphisms in relation to diseases and trace element levels in humans

Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2020 Mar 1;71(1):27-47. doi: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3349.

Abstract

Human metallothioneins are a superfamily of low molecular weight intracellular proteins, whose synthesis can be induced by essential elements (primarily Zn and Cu), toxic elements and chemical agents, and stress-producing conditions. Of the four known isoforms in the human body MT2 is the most common. The expression of metallothioneins is encoded by a multigene family of linked genes and can be influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes. To date, 24 SNPs in the MT2A gene have been identified with the incidence of about 1 % in various population groups, and three of them were shown to affect physiological and pathophysiological processes. This review summarises current knowledge about these three SNPs in the MT2A gene and their associations with element concentrations in the body of healthy and diseased persons. The most investigated SNP is rs28366003 (MT2A -5 A/G). Reports associate it with longevity, cancer (breast, prostate, laryngeal, and in paranasal sinuses), and chronic renal disease. The second most investigated SNP, rs10636 (MT2A +838G/C), is associated with breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Both are also associated with several metal/metalloid concentrations in the organism. The third SNP, rs1610216 (MT2A -209A/G), has been studied for association with type 2 diabetes, cardiomyopathy, hyperglycaemia, and Zn concentrations. Metallothionein concentrations and MT2A polymorphisms have a potential to be used as biomarkers of metal exposure and clinical markers of a number of chronic diseases. This potential needs to be studied and verified in a large number of well-defined groups of participants (several hundreds and thousands) with a focus on particular physiological or pathological condition and taking into consideration other contributing factors, such as environmental exposure and individual genetic and epigenetic makeup.

Metalotioneini u ljudskom organizmu povezana su skupina niskomolekularnih unutarstaničnih proteina, čiju sintezu mogu pobuditi esencijalni elementi, ponajprije Zn i Cu, toksični elementi i druge kemijske tvari te razni uvjeti koji izazivaju stres u organizmu. Od četiriju poznatih izoformi metalotioneina u ljudskome tijelu, najčešći oblik je MT2. Izražaj metalotioneina kodira skupina povezanih gena i na to mogu utjecati polimorfizmi pojedinačnoga nukleotida u tim genima. Do sada su otkrivena 24 jednonukleotidna polimorfizma u području gena MT2A, s incidencijom od oko 1 % u raznim skupinama stanovništva, a za tri je takva polimorfizma utvrđeno da bi mogli utjecati na fiziološke i patofiziološke procese. U preglednom radu prikazane su dosadašnje spoznaje o trima jednonukleotidnim polimorfizmima u genu MT2A i njihove povezanosti s koncentracijama elemenata u zdravih i bolesnih osoba. Najviše istraživan jednonukleotidni polimorfizam gena MT2A do sada bio je rs28366003 (MT2A −5A/G) i za njega su pokazane povezanosti s duljinom života, nekoliko tipova karcinoma (u dojki, prostati, grkljanu i sinusima) i s bubrežnim bolestima. Za drugi najviše istraživani polimorfizam rs10636 (MT2A +838G/C) nađene su povezanosti s rakom dojke, bolestima srca i krvnih žila te dijabetesom tipa 2. Za obje te vrste polimorfizama nađene su povezanosti i s koncentracijama metala i polumetala u organizmu. U samo nekoliko istraživanja ispitivana je povezanost polimorfizma rs 1610216 (MT2A −209A/G) s dijabetesom tipa 2, kardiomiopatijom, hiperglikemijom i koncentracijama Zn. Podatci u literaturi upućuju na moguću praktičnu primjenu nalaza koncentracija metalotioneina i genskih polimorfizama MT2A kao bioloških pokazatelja izloženosti metalima i kliničkih pokazatelja brojnih kroničnih bolesti. Za tu svrhu potrebna su daljnja opsežna istraživanja u velikom broju dobro definiranih skupina ispitanika (nekoliko stotina i tisuća), usredotočenih na određeno fiziološko ili patološko stanje te uzimajući u obzir druge čimbenike, kao što su okolišna izloženost, osobne životne navike te genetičke i epigenetičke značajke.

Keywords: metals and metalloids; rs10636; rs1610216; rs28366003; single nucleotide polymorphism.

Publication types

  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Aged, 80 and over
  • Biomarkers / blood*
  • Breast Neoplasms / genetics*
  • Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / genetics*
  • Female
  • Genetic Predisposition to Disease*
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Metallothionein / blood*
  • Metallothionein / genetics*
  • Middle Aged
  • Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
  • Trace Elements / blood*

Substances

  • Biomarkers
  • Trace Elements
  • Metallothionein