With the rapid advances in wearable electronics and photonics, self-sustainable wearable systems are desired to increase service life and reduce maintenance frequency. Triboelectric technology stands out as a promising versatile technology due to its flexibility, self-sustainability, broad material availability, low cost, and good scalability. Various triboelectric-human-machine interfaces (THMIs) have been developed including interactive gloves, eye blinking/body motion-triggered interfaces, voice/breath monitors, and self-induced wireless interfaces. Nonetheless, THMIs conventionally use electrical readout and produce pulse-like signals due to the transient charge flows, leading to unstable and lossy transfer of interaction information. To address this issue, we propose a strategy by equipping THMIs with robust nanophotonic aluminum nitride (AlN) modulators for readout. The electrically capacitive nature of AlN modulators enables THMIs to work in the open-circuit condition with negligible charge flows. Meanwhile, the interaction information is transduced from THMIs' voltage to AlN modulators' optical output via the electro-optic Pockels effect. Thanks to the negligible charge flow and the high-speed optical information carrier, stable, information-lossless, and real-time THMIs are achieved. Leveraging the design flexibility of THMIs and nanophotonic readout circuits, various linear sensitivities independent of force speeds are achieved in different interaction force ranges. Toward practical applications, we develop a smart glove to realize continuous real-time robotics control and virtual/augmented reality interaction. Our work demonstrates a generic approach for developing self-sustainable HMIs with stable, information-lossless, and real-time features for wearable systems.
Keywords: human−machine interface; nanophotonics readout; real-time interaction; smart glove; triboelectric nanogenerator.