Recently, the microbiome has been gaining traction as a major player regulating various functions that correlate with many pathological conditions, including cancer. The central gut microbiota population has the capability to regulate normal inflammatory, immune, and metabolic functions, and disturbance in the balance of the normal microbiota population can subsequently induce pathological responses that closely relate with the mechanistic development and progression of cancer in various forms and sites. As a disease with major socioeconomic burden partly due to its current therapeutic options, modulating the imbalanced gut microbiota represents a novel option not only as an adjuvant therapy to relieve cancer treatment-related symptoms but also to influence cancer progression itself. In this review, we will discuss how the microbiome, specifically the gut microbiota, could affect cancer pathogenesis and what the effect of gut microbiota-targeting treatment options have on the many aspects of cancer pathologies based on the knowledge of recent years.
Keywords: dysbiosis; estrobolome; fecal microbiota transplantation; probiotics; short chain fatty acids.