Integrative Review of Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes After Exposure to a Hurricane

Abstract

Objective: To appraise and analyze published research on the relationships among hurricane exposure and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes.

Data sources: A literature search was conducted in four electronic databases: CINAHL Plus, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. The following search terms were used: "cyclonic storms," "cesarean section," "premature birth," "fetal mortality," "low birth weight," "infant mortality," "pregnancy complications," and "pregnancy outcome."

Study selection: Documents were included if they were peer-reviewed, full-text articles or government documents published in English through February 2020 that focused on the associations among exposure to hurricanes and adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. The initial search yielded 211 articles, and one article was identified through a hand search. After 48 duplicates were removed, we screened the titles and abstracts of 164 articles. We conducted a full-text review of 57 articles, and 19 articles were included in the integrative review.

Data extraction: We extracted data from the full text of each article into a standardized table with the following headings: author, year of publication, location, hurricane and year, population studied, study design, outcomes, data source, and results.

Data synthesis: We analyzed study findings based on the outcomes of pregnancy complications, preterm birth, cesarean birth, labor and birth complications, low birth weight, abnormal newborn conditions, and fetal mortality. We synthesized data in a narrative format, and the synthesis indicated that hurricane exposure was frequently associated with pregnancy complications, preterm birth, low birth weight, cesarean birth, and abnormal newborn conditions. However, these associations were not always consistent. Extant research is limited by inconsistency among study designs and the type of hurricane exposure.

Conclusion: Interdisciplinary teams that include nurses, midwives, obstetricians and gynecologists, and other health care professionals should ensure that hurricane preparedness and response efforts specifically address the needs of pregnant women to mitigate adverse outcomes.

Keywords: cesarean birth; cyclonic storm; fetal mortality; infant; infant mortality; low birth weight; pregnancy complications; pregnancy outcome; premature birth.