A Paleolithic bird figurine from the Lingjing site, Henan, China

PLoS One. 2020 Jun 10;15(6):e0233370. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233370. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

The recent identification of cave paintings dated to 42-40 ka BP in Borneo and Sulawesi highlights the antiquity of painted representations in this region. However, no instances of three-dimensional portable art, well attested in Europe since at least 40 ka BP, were documented thus far in East Asia prior to the Neolithic. Here, we report the discovery of an exceptionally well-preserved miniature carving of a standing bird from the site of Lingjing, Henan, China. Microscopic and microtomographic analyses of the figurine and the study of bone fragments from the same context reveal the object was made of bone blackened by heating and carefully carved with four techniques that left diagnostic traces on the entire surface of the object. Critical analysis of the site's research history and stratigraphy, the cultural remains associated with the figurine and those recovered from the other archeological layers, as well as twenty-eight radiometric ages obtained on associated archeological items, including one provided by a bone fragment worked with the same technique recorded on the object, suggest a Late Paleolithic origin for the carving, with a probable age estimated to 13,500 years old. The carving, which predates previously known comparable instances from this region by 8,500 years, demonstrates that three-dimensional avian representations were part of East Asian Late Pleistocene cultural repertoires and identifies technological and stylistic peculiarities distinguishing this newly discovered art tradition from previous and contemporary examples found in Western Europe and Siberia.

Publication types

  • Historical Article
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Archaeology / methods*
  • Art / history*
  • Birds
  • Bone and Bones
  • Caves
  • China
  • Fossils / diagnostic imaging*
  • Fossils / history
  • History, Ancient
  • Humans

Grants and funding

This research was supported by grants given to ZL by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 41630102 and 41672020; http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/index.html), and to HF by the Shandong University 111 Project (grant number: 111-2-09; https://en.sdu.edu.cn/). Funding was also provided to LD and FD by the Sino-French PHC Cai Yuanpei program (grant number: 36707NF; https://cn.ambafrance.org/-Le-programme-Cai-Yuanpei-1628-), the Programme Investissements d’Avenir IdEx of the Bordeaux University (https://idex.u-bordeaux.fr/fr/), and the Research Council of Norway through its Centre’s of Excellence funding scheme, SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), project number 262618 (https://www.forskningsradet.no/en/). L.D. was granted financial support from the China/Shandong University International Postdoctoral Exchange Program (http://www.chinapostdoctor.org.cn/) and the Sino-French PHC Xu Guangqi (grant number: 41230RB; https://cn.ambafrance.org/-Le-programme-XU-Guangqi-). PACEA (UMR5199 CNRS) is a Partner team of the Labex LaScArBx-ANR n° ANR-10-LABX-52 (https://lascarbx.labex.u-bordeaux.fr/). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.