Objective: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in human spermatozoa. However, the role of vitamin D (VD) in human male reproduction has not yet been clarified. In this study, effects of VD on sperm parameters and its apoptosis in asthenozoospermic and healthy men were evaluated.
Methods: The study was carried out on discharged semen samples of 80 asthenozoospermic and healthy men. The samples were divided into control and experimental groups (received 20 µMol of VD). This study assessed sperm motility using the Makler chamber, their morphology by Diff quick, apoptosis and necrosis by Annexin-V and TUNEL assays, and their chromatin integrity was assessed by Aniline blue and Toluidine blue staining, according to WHO guidelines.
Results: The results revealed that: 1) the total number of motile sperms was increased by VD in both groups, but it was only significant in the asthenozoospermia group. 2) The progressive motility was increased with significant difference in both groups.3) Morphology of sperm did not show any changes due to VD in any of the groups. 4) Early apoptosis and necrosis of sperms were reduced in both groups, but the results of late apoptosis showed no statistical difference in these groups. 5) The percentage of positive toluidine blue was significantly decreased after using VD in the asthenozoospermia group.
Conclusion: VD could improve motility, early apoptosis, and sperm necrosis, especially in asthenozoospermic men and it could be used for therapeutic opportunities.
Keywords: apoptosis; asthenozoospermia; sperm morphology; sperm motility; vitamin D.