Prevalence of NAFLD in Guatemala following exposure to a protein-energy nutrition intervention in early life

Abstract

Introduction and objectives: The global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is approximately 25%, with Hispanic populations at greatest risk. We describe the prevalence of NAFLD in a cohort of Guatemalan adults and examine whether exposure to a protein-energy supplement from conception to two years is associated with lower prevalence of NAFLD.

Materials and methods: From 1969 to 1977, four villages in Guatemala were cluster-randomized to receive a protein-energy supplement (Atole) or a no-protein, low-energy beverage (Fresco). We conducted a follow-up of participants from 2015 to 2017. We assessed blood samples (n=1093; 61.1% women; aged 37-53 years) for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and estimated NAFLD prevalence using the liver fat score. We used generalized linear and logistic models to estimate the difference-in-difference effect of Atole from conception to two years on NAFLD.

Results: Median ALT and AST were 19.7U/L (interquartile range, IQR: 14.1, 27.4) and 26.0U/L (IQR: 21.4, 32.8), respectively. The median NAFLD liver fat score was 0.2 (IQR: -1.2, 1.6) in women and -1.2 (IQR: -2.2, 0.5) in men (p<0.0001). The prevalence of NAFLD was 67.4% among women and 39.5% among men (p<0.0001). The association between Atole exposure from conception to two years and NAFLD was not significant (OR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.50-1.63).

Conclusions: NAFLD prevalence among Guatemalan adults exceeds the global average. Protein-energy supplementation in early life was not associated with later NAFLD. There is a need for further studies on the causes and onset of NAFLD throughout the life course.

Keywords: Cardiovascular diseases/epidemiology; Central America; Child; Follow-up studies; Guatemala/epidemiology; Middle aged.