Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of implementation strategies aimed at improving the adherence of physical therapists' treatment choices to clinical practice guidelines for a range of musculoskeletal conditions.
Methods: For this review, searches were performed in several databases combining terms synonymous with "practice patterns" and "physical therapy" until August 2019. The review included randomized controlled trials that investigated any intervention to improve the adherence of physical therapists' treatment choices to clinical practice guidelines or research evidence. Treatment choices assessed by surveys, audits of clinical notes, and treatment recording forms were the primary measures of adherence. Self-reported guideline adherence was the secondary measure. Three reviewers independently assessed risk of bias. Because of heterogeneity across studies, only a narrative synthesis of the results was performed.
Results: Nine studies were included. Four demonstrated a positive effect on at least 1 measure of treatment choices for low back pain and acute whiplash. One involved a comparison with no intervention, and 3 involved a comparison with another active intervention. The interventions that demonstrated a positive effect included dissemination of clinical practice guidelines, with additional elements including interactive educational meetings (3 studies), tailored interventions and monitoring of the performance of health care delivery (1 study), peer assessment (1 study), and local opinion leaders plus educational outreach visits (1 study).
Conclusions: Although this review revealed limited trials evaluating interventions to increase physical therapists' use of evidence-based treatments for musculoskeletal conditions compared with no intervention, it highlighted some interventions that may be effective.
Impact: Dissemination of clinical practice guidelines, interactive educational meetings, tailored interventions and monitoring the performance of health care delivery, peer assessment, and use of local opinion leaders plus educational outreach visits should be implemented to improve physical therapists' adherence to clinical practice guidelines for a range of musculoskeletal conditions.
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