Qualitative and quantitative analysis based on digital images to determine the adulteration of ketchup samples with Sudan I dye

Food Chem. 2020 Oct 30:328:127101. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127101. Epub 2020 May 20.

Abstract

Sudan I is a synthetic-azo dye commonly used to adulterate foods to increase sensory appearance. However, it is banned due to its carcinogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic properties, which represent a serious risk to human health. Thus, this paper proposes a feasibility study to identify and quantify Sudan I dye in ketchup samples using colour histograms (obtained from digital images) and multivariate analysis. The successive projections algorithm coupled with linear discriminant analysis (SPA-LDA) classified correctly all samples, while the partial least squares coupled with SPA for interval selection (iSPA-PLS) quantified adequately the adulterant, attaining values of RMSEP of 11.64 mg kg-1, R2 of 0.96, RPD of 5.28, REP of 13.63% and LOD of 39.45 mg kg-1. Therefore, the proposed methodology provides a simple, fast, inexpensive, promising analytical tool for the screening of both the quality and safety of ketchup samples. As a consequence, it can help to protect the consumer's health.

Keywords: Adulteration; Colour histograms; Ketchup; Multivariate analysis; Successive projections algorithm; Sudan I dye.

MeSH terms

  • Algorithms
  • Color
  • Discriminant Analysis
  • Food Analysis / methods*
  • Food Analysis / statistics & numerical data
  • Food Contamination / analysis*
  • Food Contamination / statistics & numerical data
  • Food Quality
  • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / methods*
  • Least-Squares Analysis
  • Limit of Detection
  • Multivariate Analysis
  • Naphthols / analysis*

Substances

  • Naphthols
  • 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol