Efficient human-machine control with asymmetric marginal reliability input devices

PLoS One. 2020 Jun 1;15(6):e0233603. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233603. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

Input devices such as motor-imagery brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are often unreliable. In theory, channel coding can be used in the human-machine loop to robustly encapsulate intention through noisy input devices but standard feedforward error correction codes cannot be practically applied. We present a practical and general probabilistic user interface for binary input devices with very high noise levels. Our approach allows any level of robustness to be achieved, regardless of noise level, where reliable feedback such as a visual display is available. In particular, we show efficient zooming interfaces based on feedback channel codes for two-class binary problems with noise levels characteristic of modalities such as motor-imagery based BCI, with accuracy <75%. We outline general principles based on separating channel, line and source coding in human-machine loop design. We develop a novel selection mechanism which can achieve arbitrarily reliable selection with a noisy two-state button. We show automatic online adaptation to changing channel statistics, and operation without precise calibration of error rates. A range of visualisations are used to construct user interfaces which implicitly code for these channels in a way that it is transparent to users. We validate our approach with a set of Monte Carlo simulations, and empirical results from a human-in-the-loop experiment showing the approach operates effectively at 50-70% of the theoretical optimum across a range of channel conditions.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Brain-Computer Interfaces / standards*
  • Calibration
  • Computer Simulation
  • Feedback
  • Humans
  • Movement
  • Signal-To-Noise Ratio

Grants and funding

This project was funded by: EPSRC project ‘`Closed-Loop Data Science for Complex, Computationally- and Data-Intensive Analytics’’ EP/R018634/1 [JHW/RMS] Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, https://epsrc.ukri.org/ EU FP7 project FP7-224631 "TOBI" (Tools for Brain-Computer Interfaces) [JHW/RMS] European Union Framework 7, https://ec.europa.eu/research/fp7/index_en.cfm EU Horizon 2020 project "MoreGrasp" 643955 [JHW/RMS] European Union Horizon 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.