Differential packaging of inflammatory cytokines/ chemokines and oxidative stress modulators in U937 and U1 macrophages-derived extracellular vesicles upon exposure to tobacco constituents

PLoS One. 2020 May 20;15(5):e0233054. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233054. eCollection 2020.

Abstract

Smoking, which is highly prevalent in HIV-infected populations, has been shown to exacerbate HIV replication, in part via the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-induced oxidative stress pathway. Recently, we have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs), derived from tobacco- and/or HIV-exposed macrophages, alter HIV replication in macrophages by cell-cell interactions. We hypothesize that cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and/or HIV-exposed macrophage-derived EVs carry relatively high levels of pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory cargos and/or low levels of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory cargos, which are key mediators for HIV pathogenesis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated differential packaging of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and pro- and anti-oxidant contents in EVs after CSC exposure to myeloid cells (uninfected U937 and HIV-infected U1 cells). Our results showed that relatively long to short exposures with CSC increased the expression of cytokines in EVs isolated from HIV-infected U1 macrophages. Importantly, pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-6, were highly packaged in EVs isolated from HIV-infected U1 macrophages upon both long and short-term CSC exposures. In general, anti-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-10, had a lower packaging in EVs, while packaging of chemokines was mostly increased in EVs upon CSC exposure in both HIV-infected U1 and uninfected U937 macrophages. Moreover, we observed higher expression of CYPs (1A1 and 1B1) and lower expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-1 and catalase) in EVs from HIV-infected U1 macrophages than in uninfected U937 macrophages. Together, they are expected to increase oxidative stress factors in EVs derived from HIV-infected U1 cells. Taken together, our results suggest packaging of increased level of oxidative stress and inflammatory elements in the EVs upon exposure to tobacco constituents and/or HIV to myeloid cells, which would ultimately enhance HIV replication in macrophages via cell-cell interactions.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

MeSH terms

  • Cell Line
  • Chemokines / metabolism
  • Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / metabolism
  • Cytokines / metabolism*
  • Extracellular Vesicles / metabolism*
  • Gene Expression Regulation / drug effects
  • Humans
  • Macrophages / cytology*
  • Macrophages / immunology
  • Macrophages / virology
  • Nicotiana
  • Oxidative Stress / drug effects
  • Smoke / adverse effects*

Substances

  • Chemokines
  • Cytokines
  • Smoke
  • Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System

Grants and funding

SK and TJC DA047178 National Institute of Health nih.gov No, the funder did not play any role inhe study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript?