Nitrogen removal from wastewater is an energy and chemical intensive process that is becoming increasingly more common around the world. To address the cost and complexity issues associated with biological nitrogen removal from wastewater, an alternative approach for achieving next generation nitrogen removal via partial nitrification, denitratation and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (PANDA) has been developed. The PANDA process relies on converting 50% of influent ammonia load to nitrate via aerobic ammonia (AerAOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The nitrate is reduced to nitrite (denitratation), followed by the removal of ammonia and nitrite by heterotrophic denitrifiers and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing biomass (AnAOB). Results from a pilot-scale sidestream PANDA demonstration at nitrogen loadings of 0.2-0.25 kg N/m3-day illustrated that up to 80% ammonia removal could be achieved. Testing in the mainstream process at initial ammonia concentrations of ~25 mg N/L indicated that 90% removal of total inorganic nitrogen could be achieved and that nitrogen removal was ultimately dependent on operating factors including aeration time, supplemental carbon dosing, hydraulic retention time and nitrate concentrations. Results cumulatively indicated that there was inherent resiliency within the PANDA systems when responding to variable environmental and operational conditions. This is hypothesized to be due to the fact that nitrogen removal is due to the combined synergistic activity of AerAOB, NOB, heterotrophic denitrifiers and AnAOB. Accordingly, utilization of PANDA based treatment processes may allow Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRFs) to achieve more sustainable and cost effective nitrogen removal in sidestream and mainstream processes without the need for NOB suppression and complex operational controls.
Keywords: Anaerobic ammonia oxidation; Deammonification; Next generation nitrogen removal; PANDA; Partial denitratation.
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