Ex vivo investigations on bioinspired electrospun membranes as potential biomaterials for bone regeneration

Abstract

Objectives: To assess the surface characteristics and composition that may enhance osteoblasts viability on novel electrospun composite membranes (organic polymer/silicon dioxide nanoparticles).

Methods: Membranes are composed by a novel polymer blend, the mixture of two hydrophilic copolymers 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate-co-methylmethacrylate and 2-hydroxyethylacrylate-co-methylacrylate, and they are doped with silicon dioxide nanoparticles. Then the membranes were functionalized with zinc or doxycycline. The membranes were morphologically characterized by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and mechanically probed using a nanoindenter. Biomimetic calcium phosphate precipitation on polymeric tissues was assessed. Cell viability tests were performed using human osteosarcoma cells. Cells morphology was also studied by FESEM. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Student-Newman-Keuls and Student t tests (p < 0.05).

Results: Silica doping of membranes enhanced bioactivity and increased mechanical properties. Membranes morphology and mechanical properties were similar to those of trabecular bone. Zinc and doxycycline doping did not exert changes but it increased novel membranes bioactivity. Membranes were found to permit osteoblasts proliferation. Silica-doping favored cells proliferation and spreading. As soon as 24 h after the seeding, cells in silica-doped membranes were firmly attached to experimental tissues trough filopodia, connected to each other. The cells produced collagen and minerals onto the surfaces.

Conclusions: Silica nanoparticles enhanced surface properties and osteoblasts viability on electrospun membranes.

Clinical significance: The ability of silica-doped matrices to promote precipitation of calcium phosphate, together with their mechanical properties, observed non-toxicity, stimulating effect on osteoblasts and its surface chemistry allowing covalent binding of proteins, offer a potential strategy for bone regeneration applications.

Keywords: Nanopolymers; Osteoblasts; Scaffolds; Silica; Zinc.