Can words be worse than stones? Understanding distressing social events and their relationship with social anxiety

Abstract

Research on the relationship between distressing social events and social anxiety has focused on antagonistic social events (i.e., peer victimization, cyberbullying) in adolescent samples. There is little research examining such relationships in adults, and less examining the relationship between non-antagonistic distressing social events (i.e., accidental embarrassing events) and social anxiety. The current investigation utilized a retrospective design to examine how different distressing social events may be associated with posttraumatic stress-like reactions, which may relate to social anxiety in early adulthood. Characteristics of distressing social events (i.e., betrayal, presence of an antagonist) were explored as possible influences on the severity of stress responses. Community participants (n = 271; ages 18-25) completed online questionnaires measuring social anxiety and reactions to distressing social events. Antagonistic and non-antagonistic distressing social events were both related to social anxiety. Relationships between the frequencies of any distressing social events and social anxiety were mediated by reactions akin to posttraumatic stress. Responses to distressing social events were not influenced by the presence of an antagonist or betrayal. The results suggest that non-antagonistic distressing social events can be as distressing as antagonistic distressing social events and contribute to expanding evidence that reactions to distressing social events may resemble reactions to life-threatening events.

Keywords: Cyberbullying; Distressing social events; Peer victimization; Posttraumatic stress symptoms; Social anxiety.