Tobacco consumption (predominantly cigarettes) is the leading preventable cause of mortality worldwide. Although the major focus of strategies to reduce mortality from tobacco must include prevention of future generations from initially gaining access, some smokers are unwilling or unable to quit. Can the higher risk chronic smoker be identified and can their risk be reduced? The risk of adverse events in cigarette smokers is influenced by the intensity and duration of cigarette smoking or secondhand exposure, associated conventional risk factors, environmental stressors, and certain genetic variants and epigenetic modifiers. Recent data suggest that inflammatory markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs CRP) and targeted imaging can identify some smokers at higher risk. As smoking is prothrombotic, aspirin initiation and expanded statin use might reduce cardiovascular risk in those who do not presently meet criteria for these therapies, but further study is required. Thus, although advocacy for smoking cessation should always be the primary approach, increased efforts are needed to identify and potentially treat those who are unable or unwilling to quit.
Keywords: Cigarette smoking; Primary prevention; e-cigarettes.
Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.