Blood Gas Disturbances and Disproportionate Body Weight Distribution in Broilers With Wooden Breast

Juniper A Lake; Erin M Brannick; Michael B Papah; Cory Lousenberg; Sandra G Velleman; Behnam Abasht

doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00304

Blood Gas Disturbances and Disproportionate Body Weight Distribution in Broilers With Wooden Breast

Front Physiol. 2020 Apr 7:11:304. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00304. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Juniper A Lake^{1

2}, Erin M Brannick², Michael B Papah², Cory Lousenberg², Sandra G Velleman³, Behnam Abasht^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
² Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
³ Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.

Abstract

Wooden breast syndrome is a widespread and economically important myopathy and vasculopathy of fast growing, commercial broiler chickens, primarily affecting birds with high feed efficiency and large breast muscle yield. To investigate potential systemic physiological differences between birds affected and unaffected by wooden breast, a total of 103 market-age Cobb 500 broilers were sampled for 13 blood parameters and the relative weights of the pectoralis major muscle, pectoralis minor muscle, external oblique muscle, wing, heart, lungs, liver, and spleen. Blood analysis was performed on samples taken from the brachial vein of live birds and revealed significant differences in venous blood gases between affected and unaffected chickens. Chickens with wooden breast exhibited significantly higher potassium (K⁺) and lower partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂), oxygen saturation (sO2), and pH. Additionally, affected males had significantly higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO₂) and total carbon dioxide (TCO₂) than unaffected males. Wooden breast affected broilers also possessed a significantly heavier pectoralis major muscle and whole feathered wing compared to unaffected broilers. Blood gas disturbances characterized by high pCO₂ and low pH are indicative of insufficient respiratory gas exchange, suggesting that wooden breast affected broilers have an elevated metabolic rate that may also be inadequately compensated due to cardiovascular deficiencies such as poor venous return or respiratory insufficiency. Lung tissues from 12 birds with extreme sO₂ values were subsequently examined to assess whether lung pathology contributed to the observed blood gas disturbance. Comparison of lung morphology between affected and unaffected birds revealed no apparent differences that could contribute to decreased parabronchial gas exchange. However, an interesting finding was the detection of pulmonary phlebitis in one of the wooden breast-affected samples consistent with vascular changes observed in pectoralis major muscle exhibiting the wooden breast phenotype. Our results suggest that the effects of wooden breast are not limited to the pectoralis major muscle and further indicate the importance of research into metabolic changes associated with the myopathy.

Keywords: broiler; myopathy; pectoralis major muscle; pulmonary phlebitis; white striping; wooden breast.