Purpose: The purpose of this work was to examine the suitability of VIPARnd polymer gel-9.4 T magnetic resonance microimaging system for high spatial resolution dose distribution measurements.
Methods: The VIPARnd samples (3 cm in outside diameter and 12 cm in height) were exposed to ionizing radiation by using a linear accelerator (Varian TrueBeam, USA; 6 MV x-ray beam). In the calibration stage, nine gel dosimeter vials were irradiated in a water phantom homogenously to the doses from 1.5 to 30 Gy in order to obtain R2-dose relation. In the verification stage, two gel dosimeter vials were irradiated in the half beam penumbra area of 10 × 10 cm radiation field using the amount of monitor units appropriate to deliver 20 Gy at the field center. The gels were imaged on a vertical 9.4 T magnetic resonance (MR) microimaging scanner using single slice and multislice (9 slices) multiecho (90 × 7 ms) sequences at the spatial resolutions of 0.2-0.4 × 0.2-0.4 × 3 mm3 and 0.2-0.4 × 0.2-0.4 × 1 mm3 respectively. The gels were subjected to microimaging during the period of two weeks after irradiation. The reference data consisted of the dose profiles measured using the diode dosimetry, radiochromic film, ionization chamber, and the water phantom system.
Results: The VIPARnd -9.4 T MR microimaging system was characterized by the dose sensitivity of 0.067 ± 0.002 Gy-1 s-1 at day 3 after irradiation. The dose resolution at 10 Gy (at P = 95%) was equal to 0.42 Gy at day 3 after irradiation using a single slice sequence (0.2 × 0.2 × 3 mm3 ) and 2.0 Gy at day 4 after irradiation using a multislice sequence (0.2 × 0.2 × 1 mm3 ) for one signal acquisition (measurement time: 15 min). These values were improved by ~1.4-fold when using four signal acquisitions in the single slice sequence, and by ~2.78-fold for 12 signal acquisitions in the multislice sequence. Furthermore, decreasing the in-plane resolution from 0.2 × 0.2 mm2 to 0.4 × 0.4 mm2 resulted in a dose resolution of 0.3 Gy and 1 Gy at 10 Gy (at P = 95%) for one signal acquisition in the single slice and multislice sequences respectively (measurement time: 7.5 min). As reveals from the gamma index analysis the dose distributions measured at days 3-4 postirradiation using both VIPARnd verification phantoms agree with the data obtained using a silicon diode, assuming 1 mm/5% criterion. A good interphantom reproducibility of the polymer gel dosimetry was proved by monitoring of two phantoms up to 10 days after irradiation. However, the agreement between the dose distributions measured using the diode and polymer gel started to get worse from day 5 after irradiation.
Conclusion: The VIPARnd -9.4T MR microimaging system allows to obtain dose resolution of 0.42 Gy at 10 Gy (at P = 95%) for a spatial resolution of 0.2 × 0.2 × 3 mm3 (acquisition time: 15 min). Further studies are required to improve a temporal stability of the gel-derived dose distribution.
Keywords: 3D polymer gel dosimetry; VIP; VIPARnd; high-field MRI; microimaging.
© 2020 The Authors. Medical Physics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine.