The industry devoted to the production of phosphoric acid by using as raw material sedimentary phosphate rock (PR) is considered as a NORM activity (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials), due to the high levels of U-series radionuclides contained in this ore, which are 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than those in unperturbed soils. This fact allowed us to develop a deep characterization of the raw materials, wastes, main intermediate materials, and final products obtained at a typical phosphoric acid factory. The elemental composition (major, minor and trace elements), radionuclide concentrations, grain size distribution, mineralogy and micro-structural composition were analyzed. The aim of this characterization was to obtain information for operators and maintenance personnel involved in clean-up and waste management operations. The highest concentrations of some heavy metals and radionuclide activity concentrations were found in the "scales" (or internal incrustations)from the pipes that carry either phosphoric acid (PA) or the phosphogypsum waste (PG). The highest concentrations where found for 226Ra and 40K,with values up to 9 and 5 Bq g-1, respectively. In addition, high concentrations of many toxic heavy metals and trace elements, such as Cd, Cr, Ni, Sr, Y, V, Zn, Th, and U, were found in some sludge samples. The shielding effect of the containers/vessels/pipes has an essential role in the measured external dose in the intermediate products. The radiological implications of natural radionuclides with higher activity showed that if the maximum particulate matter concentration established in the Spanish regulation is verified, and taking into account the most conservative scenario, the annual limit of 1 mSv y-1 is not exceeded.
Keywords: Heavy metals; Natural radionuclides; Phosphogypsum; Phosphoric acid; Radiological risks; Scales; Sludge.
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