Profiling of taste-related compounds during the fermentation of Japanese sake brewed with or without a traditional seed mash (kimoto)

Abstract

Japanese sake production involves three processes: rice koji fermentation, seed mash fermentation, and main mash fermentation. Traditional seed mash (kimoto) production utilizes natural lactic acid produced by lactic acid bacteria for pure cultures of only sake yeast, preventing the growth of wild yeast and other unwanted bacteria. Recently, because kimoto production requires substantial time and labor, sake yeast mass-cultured in usual liquid medium has been used as a seed mash alternative. Sake quality is highly similar to that of kimoto, suggesting that they share similar component profiles. However, comparative component analyses of sake brewed with kimoto and sake brewed with cultured yeast are lacking. In this study, a time-course analysis of hydrophilic compounds in the main mash brewed with kimoto and with cultured yeast as well as a sensory evaluation of the products were performed. As a result, differences in various compounds and in umami taste level between sake brewed with kimoto and cultured yeast were detected. This is the first comparative analysis of changes in the component profile during sake main mash brewing using kimoto seed mash and cultured sake yeast; our results clarify the effects of kimoto seed mash on main mash brewing and sake quality.

Keywords: Component analysis; Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; Japanese sake; Kimoto; Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; Sensory evaluation; Taste sensor.