An Update and Review of Measles for Emergency Physicians

Abstract

Background: It is vital for frontline emergency physicians to immediately recognize the signs and symptoms of measles to initiate appropriate therapy and prevent spread to the health care team and other patients.

Objective: This review serves as a clinically practical updated reference for when the differential diagnosis includes measles.

Discussion: Measles is a highly contagious illness that classically presents with a rash, fever, cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis. Cases in the United States since 2000 have been attributed mainly to travelers who are infected abroad and then spread the illness to small, susceptible populations within the United States. Complications from measles are relatively common and can be associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical suspicion should be confirmed with laboratory testing, which is most commonly a serum immunoglobulin M. The management of measles is mainly supportive. Patients that require more aggressive management include those who are pregnant, immunocompromised, or unvaccinated. Treatment may consist of the measles vaccine, intravenous immunoglobulin, vitamin A, and even ribavirin. Additionally, special precautions are required by hospital workers to help prevent the spread of the virus, which include N-95 masks and patient isolation in an airborne infection isolation room.

Conclusion: Emergency physicians must be readily able to identify, contain patients with suspected measles, and determine who will need further medical management for this potentially life-threatening illness. As this public health crisis evolves, novel ways of screening for and reporting cases of measles is needed.

Keywords: diagnosis; emergency; measles; medicine; outbreak.