To overcome inherent limitations of molybdenum carbide (MoxC) for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), i.e., low density of active site and nonideal hydrogen binding strength, we report the synthesis of valence-controlled mesoporous MoxC as a highly efficient HER electrocatalyst. The synthesis procedure uses an interaction mediator (IM), which significantly increases the density of active site by mediating interaction between PEO-b-PS template and Mo source. The valence state of Mo is tuned by systematic control of the environment around Mo by controlled heat treatment under air before thermal treatment at 1100 °C. Theoretical calculations reveal that the hydrogen binding is strongly influenced by Mo valence. Consequently, MoxC achieves a significant increase in HER activity (exceeding that of Pt/C at high current density ∼35 mA/cm2 in alkaline solution). In addition, a volcano-type correlation between HER activity and Mo valence is identified with various experimental indicators. The present strategies can be applied to various carbide and Mo-based catalysts, and the established Mo valence and HER relations can guide development of highly active HER electrocatalysts.
Keywords: electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction; mesoporous material; metal valence; molybdenum carbide; volcano correlation.