Fluorine-18 is the most widely used positron emission tomography (PET) radionuclide currently in clinical application, due to its optimal nuclear properties. The synthesis of 18F-labeled radiotracers often requires harsh reaction conditions, limiting the use of sensitive bio- and macromolecules as precursors for direct radiolabeling with fluorine-18. We aimed to develop a milder and efficient in vitro and in vivo labeling method for trans-cyclooctene (TCO) functionalized proteins, through the bioorthogonal inverse-electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction with fluorine-18 radiolabeled tetrazine ([18F]SiFA-Tz). Here, we used TCO-modified bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model protein, and isotopic exchange (IE) (19F/18F) chemistry as the labeling strategy. The radiolabeling of albumin-TCO with [18F]SiFA-Tz ([18F]6), providing [18F]fluoroalbumin ([18F]10) in high radiochemical yield (99.1 ± 0.2%, n = 3) and a molar activity (MA) of 1.1 GBq/µmol, confirmed the applicability of [18F]6 as a quick in vitro fluorination reagent for the TCO functionalized proteins. While the biological evaluation of [18F]6 demonstrated defluorination in vivo, limiting the utility for pretargeted applications, the in vivo stability of the radiotracer was dramatically improved when [18F]6 was used for the radiolabeling of albumin-TCO ([18F]10) in vitro, prior to administration. Due to the detected defluorination in vivo, structural optimization of the prosthetic group for improved stability is needed before further biological studies and application of pretargeted PET imaging.
Keywords: bioorthogonal chemistry; fluorine-18; inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder ligation; isotopic exchange; positron emission tomography (PET), defluorination; silicon-based fluoride acceptor; tetrazine.