A novel self-assembled Na{Cu12Zn4} multifunctional material: first report of a discrete coordination compound for detection of Ca2+ ions and selective adsorption of cationic dyes in water

Abstract

A novel metal directed discrete self-assembled compound, Na₂O[Cu₁₂Zn₄(μ-OH)₈(H₄btp)₈](ClO₄)₈·26H₂O (1), was synthesized employing a flexible aminoalcohol ligand, 2,2'-(propane-1,3-diyldiimino)bis-[2-(hydroxylmethyl)propane-1,3-diol] (H₆btp), and mixed metal ions (Cu^II and Zn^II) in order to explore it as a multifunctional material. The molecular cluster is characterized by spectral and analytical techniques, single crystal X-ray diffraction and magnetic studies. Crystallography reveals the presence of eight peripheral Cu^II centers in octahedral environments, while four interior Cu^II and Zn^II centers are present in tetrahedral systems. The ligand is coordinated in the dianionic form (H₄btp^2-) with copper and zinc metal ions through various bridging modes. Magnetic data suggest the presence of strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the twelve Cu(ii) centers (C = 4.31 cm³ K mol^-1 and θ = -120.44 K). Interestingly, the eight ligands present in the system have eight free hydroxyl groups at the periphery of the cluster, which could be employed in molecular recognition for the analytes under investigation. One of the sodium cations of the lattice sodium oxide [Na₂O or Na⁺(Na⁺O^2-)] is encapsulated in the {Cu₁₂Zn₄} cavity and held through electrostatic interactions with the oxygen atoms, forming a Na{Cu₁₂Zn₄} core. Taking advantage of this entrapped cation, we have used the present assembly in the sensing of various s-block cations. Interestingly, the cluster shows a sensitive and selective sensing ability towards Ca²⁺ ions through cation exchange. The selectivity towards Ca²⁺ can be rationalized in terms of the identical size of the sodium and calcium ions and the HSAB principle. Hard sodium is exchanged with the hard Ca²⁺ ion, which effectively interacts with the hard oxygen donor, giving rise to a stable hard-hard interaction. Moreover the Na{Cu₁₂Zn₄} cluster shows excellent selectivity towards the adsorption of cationic dyes, specifically methylene blue (MB), via non-covalent interactions. An abundance of free O-H groups in the cluster gives rise to the existence of O-Hπ interactions with the dye for enhanced adsorption. Thus, the present report is the first example of any heterometallic coordination compound (in contrast to complex systems like polymeric frameworks/nanocomposites) with discriminating sensing of Ca²⁺ ions with ultra-low detection limit (4 nM) and with high efficiency in the selective adsorption and separation of methylene blue.