The kidney is a structurally complex organ essential for human survival since its embryonic development. Every cell in the renal parenchyma is highly specialized in maintaining electrolyte, volume, and waste homeostasis. Renal pathologies can be grossly categorized depending on the affected segment of the nephron: the glomerulus, tubules, interstitium, or blood supply. Each one differs in clinical manifestations, making it vital for the clinician to integrate differential diagnoses. This article will cover renal histology, kidney function, and its correlation with clinical medicine.
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