I have developed novel ternary complexes of various vaccines with cationic materials and anionic polymers. Plasmid DNA (pDNA) encoding firefly luciferase was used as a model drug to form adequate ternary complexes. Cationic binary complexes were constructed using pDNA and polyethylenimine, and these binary complexes were coated with various anionic polymers to form ternary complexes. These ternary complexes significantly improved cytotoxicity and aggregation with erythrocytes in comparison to the binary complexes. On the other hand, most of those ternary complexes showed little in vitro transgene efficiency because of their anionic surface charge. γ-Polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA)-ternary complexes, however, demonstrated high in vitro transgene efficiency. After the intravenous administration of γ-PGA-ternary complexes to mice, extremely high gene expression was detected in the marginal zone of the spleen, which is rich in antigen-presenting cells. This spleen-specific phenomenon of γ-PGA-ternary complexes appeared to be suited to DNA vaccines against cancer. I therefore examined the preventive effect of γ-PGA-ternary complexes containing pUb-M, a pDNA encoding melanoma surface antigen, against melanoma-bearing mice. Vaccinations of γ-PGA-ternary complexes into mice significantly suppressed the tumor growth of B16-F10 melanoma cells subcutaneously injected into the mice. In the same manner, vaccinations of γ-PGA-ternary complexes containing ovalbumin (OVA) completely suppressed the growth of E.G7-OVA cells expressing OVA. These results strongly suggest that γ-PGA-ternary complexes are useful in the manufacture of specific tumor vaccines.
Keywords: cancer vaccine; drug delivery system; gene delivery vector; nanoparticle.