Aerosols chemical composition, light extinction, and source apportionment near a desert margin city, Yulin, China

Yali Lei; Zhenxing Shen; Zhuoyue Tang; Qian Zhang; Jian Sun; Yongjing Ma; Xiaoyan Wu; Yiming Qin; Hongmei Xu; Renjian Zhang

doi:10.7717/peerj.8447

Aerosols chemical composition, light extinction, and source apportionment near a desert margin city, Yulin, China

PeerJ. 2020 Feb 14:8:e8447. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8447. eCollection 2020.

Authors

Yali Lei¹, Zhenxing Shen¹, Zhuoyue Tang¹, Qian Zhang², Jian Sun¹, Yongjing Ma^{3

4}, Xiaoyan Wu^{3

4}, Yiming Qin⁵, Hongmei Xu¹, Renjian Zhang⁶

Affiliations

¹ Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
² School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
³ College of Atmospheric Sciences, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
⁴ State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
⁵ School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States of America.
⁶ Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Abstract

Daily PM₁₀and PM_2.5 sampling was conducted during four seasons from December 2013 to October 2014 at three monitoring sites over Yulin, a desert margin city. PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels, water soluble ions, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were also analyzed to characterize their chemical profiles. b _ext (light extinction coefficient) was calculated, which showed the highest in winter with an average of 232.95 ± 154.88 Mm^-1, followed by autumn, summer, spring. Light extinction source apportionment results investigated (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NH₄NO₃ played key roles in the light extinction under high RH conditions during summer and winter. Sulfate, nitrate and Ca^{2 +} dominated in PM₁₀/PM_2.5 ions. Ion balance results illustrated that PM samples were alkaline, and PM₁₀ samples were more alkaline than PM_2.5. High SO₄ ^2-/K⁺ and Cl^-/K⁺ ratio indicated the important contribution of coal combustion, which was consistent with the OC/EC regression equation intercepts results. Principal component analysis (PCA) analyses results showed that the fugitive dust was the most major source of PM, followed by coal combustion & gasoline vehicle emissions, secondary formation and diesel vehicle emissions. Potential contribution source function (PSCF) results suggested that local emissions, as well as certain regional transport from northwesterly and southerly areas contributed to PM_2.5 loadings during the whole year. Local government should take some measures to reduce the PM levels.

Keywords: Chemical species; Light extinction; PM10/PM2.5; Potential contribution source function; Principal component analysis; Yulin.

Grants and funding

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41877383, 41573101) and State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, CAS (SKLLQG1616). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.