Insight to key diazotrophic community during composting of dairy manure with biochar and its role in nitrogen transformation

Abstract

Analyzing diazotrophic community may help to understand nitrogen transformation in composting and improves the final compost quality. In this study, diazotrophic community dynamics were investigated in terms of nifH gene during dairy manure and corn straw composting with biochar addition using high-throughput sequencing. Biochar decreased the diversity of diazotrophic community and altered diazotroph community structure during composting. At phylum level, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were dominant diazotrophic communities throughout composting process. Biochar addition registered higher correlation coefficient (R) between physicochemical factors (temperature, ammonium (NH₄⁺-N) and nitrate (NO₃^--N)) and diazotroph community composition. Rhodopseudomonas and Pseudoxanthomonas was the key diazotrophic communities influencing NH₄⁺-N transformation in control (CK) and biochar compost (BC), respectively, while for NO₃^--N transformation Clostridium and Bradyrhizobium in CK, Azospira and Methylocystis in BC served as predominant factors. These results indicated that addition of biochar altered the key diazotroph communities influencing nitrogen transformation. Furthermore, some diazotrophs (e.g. Rhodopseudomonas, Bradyrhizobium and Azospira) affecting NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N transformation were also observed to be mediating total nitrogen (TN). Interestingly, interactions between diazotrophic communities were observed and these interactions could also influence nitrogen transformation.

Keywords: Biochar; Composting; Diazotroph; High-throughput sequencing; Nitrogen transformation.