Background and aims: Nobiletin (NOB), a functional ingredient found in citrus peel, is said to act against diabetes, obesity, and atherosclerosis. It has been reported to activate AMPK pathway, as well as increase SREBP1c, PPARα and PPARγ expression. However, no molecular mechanism has been elucidated to be able to integrate these sporadic findings with some controversies to lead to concrete outcomes. In this study, regulation of HDL biogenesis by NOB was investigated modulating ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression.
Methods and results: Regulation of ABCA1/G1 by NOB was investigated in mouse macrophages J774.1. NOB increased mRNA and protein levels of ABCA1/G1, and cell cholesterol release by these factors. It also increased mRNA of PPARγ and LXRα but not PPARα. The increase in ABCA1/G1 mRNA levels by NOB was suppressed by antagonists of PPARγ and LXRα. The increase in PPARγ mRNA levels by NOB was suppressed by an LXRα antagonist, and the increase in LXRα mRNA levels was suppressed by a PPARγ antagonist. NOB increased CD36 mRNA and this was suppressed by an LXRα antagonist. The increase in ABCA1 mRNA by a PPARγ agonist was also suppressed by an LXRα antagonist. NOB did not influence LPL1 mRNA expression levels. NOB stimulated AMPK phosphorylation, and the increase in ABCA1/G1, LXRα and PPARγ mRNA levels and ABCA1/G1 protein levels by NOB was reversed by an AMPK inhibitor. AMPK siRNA suppressed ABCA1 expression.
Conclusions: NOB activates AMPK and subsequently LXRα to promote the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1, and an LXRα - PPARγ loop pathway amplifies these signals.
Keywords: ABCA1; ABCG1; AMPK; HDL; LXR; Nobiletin; PPAR.
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