Nickel-catalysed anti-Markovnikov hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with unactivated arenes facilitated by non-covalent interactions

Nat Chem. 2020 Mar;12(3):276-283. doi: 10.1038/s41557-019-0409-4. Epub 2020 Feb 10.

Abstract

Anti-Markovnikov additions to alkenes have been a longstanding goal of catalysis, and anti-Markovnikov addition of arenes to alkenes would produce alkylarenes that are distinct from those formed by acid-catalysed processes. Existing hydroarylations are either directed or occur with low reactivity and low regioselectivity for the n-alkylarene. Herein, we report the first undirected hydroarylation of unactivated alkenes with unactivated arenes that occurs with high regioselectivity for the anti-Markovnikov product. The reaction occurs with a nickel catalyst ligated by a highly sterically hindered N-heterocyclic carbene. Catalytically relevant arene- and alkene-bound nickel complexes have been characterized, and the rate-limiting step was shown to be reductive elimination to form the C-C bond. Density functional theory calculations, combined with second-generation absolutely localized molecular orbital energy decomposition analysis, suggest that the difference in activity between catalysts containing large and small carbenes results more from stabilizing intramolecular non-covalent interactions in the secondary coordination sphere than from steric hindrance.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Alkenes / chemistry*
  • Alkylation
  • Catalysis
  • Coordination Complexes / chemistry*
  • Hot Temperature
  • Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / chemistry*
  • Methane / analogs & derivatives
  • Methane / chemistry
  • Molecular Structure
  • Nickel / chemistry*
  • Oxidation-Reduction
  • Stereoisomerism
  • Thermodynamics

Substances

  • Alkenes
  • Coordination Complexes
  • Hydrocarbons, Aromatic
  • carbene
  • Nickel
  • Methane