Nrf2 in keratinocytes protects against skin fibrosis via regulating epidermal lesion and inflammatory response

Abstract

Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a master transcription factor in antioxidant response, protecting against oxidative damage and various diseases. Previous studies suggest that Nrf2 is suppressed in fibrotic skin and Nrf2 agonists represent a therapeutic strategy, which is mainly attributed to Nrf2 function in fibroblasts. However, constitutive activation of Nrf2 may endow cells with proliferation and survival advantage, facilitating skin tumorigenesis. Non-invasive and mild modulation of Nrf2 via topical application may be helpful. Keratinocytes, which are essential for epidermal formation and function maintenance, have been shown to modulate differentiation of fibroblasts in different stages of fibrosis. In this respect, the role of Nrf2 in keratinocytes in skin fibrosis remains elusive. In the present study, bleomycin (BLM)-induced skin fibrosis model was applied to keratinocyte-specific Nrf2 knockout (Nrf2(K)-KO) mice generated with Keratin 14-Cre/loxp system. BLM treatment significantly suppressed Nrf2 expression in the epidermis. Nrf2 deficiency in keratinocytes exacerbated BLM-induced skin fibrosis according to dermal thickness, and immunostaining of collagen and α-SMA. One-dose BLM treatment led to the emergence of apoptotic cells in the epidermis and an elevated number of macrophages and neutrophils in the dermis, which was aggravated by Nrf2 deficiency, as indicated by TUNEL staining, and expression of F4/80 and Ly6G. In line with in vivo evidence, NRF2 silencing in HaCaT cells significantly decreased cell survival rate in response to BLM due to suppressed expression of antioxidative genes and increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mRNA levels of chemokines and cytokines that are capable of recruiting macrophages and neutrophils, including Mcp-1, Il-6 and Il-8, were increased by Nrf2 deficiency in primary mouse keratinocytes. Moreover, bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me), a potent Nrf2 activator, ameliorated BLM-induced skin fibrosis after topical administration. These findings indicate that Nrf2 in keratinocytes protects against skin fibrosis via regulating cell resistance to apoptosis and expression of cytokines and chemokines. The restoration of Nrf2 through topical application might be a potential pharmacologic approach to combat skin fibrosis.

Keywords: Inflammation; Keratinocyte; Nrf2; Oxidative stress; Skin fibrosis.