A Chelate-Free Nano-Platform for Incorporation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Isotopes

Abstract

Purpose: Using our chelate-free, heat-induced radiolabeling (HIR) method, we show that a wide range of metals, including those with radioactive isotopologues used for diagnostic imaging and radionuclide therapy, bind to the Feraheme (FH) nanoparticle (NP), a drug approved for the treatment of iron anemia.

Material and methods: FH NPs were heated (120°C) with nonradioactive metals, the resulting metal-FH NPs were characterized by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and r₁ and r₂ relaxivities obtained by nuclear magnetic relaxation spectrometry (NMRS). In addition, the HIR method was performed with [⁹⁰Y]Y³⁺, [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu³⁺, and [⁶⁴Cu]Cu²⁺, the latter with an HIR technique optimized for this isotope. Optimization included modifying reaction time, temperature, and vortex technique. Radiochemical yield (RCY) and purity (RCP) were measured using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC).

Results: With ICP-MS, metals incorporated into FH at high efficiency were bismuth, indium, yttrium, lutetium, samarium, terbium and europium (>75% @ 120 ^oC). Incorporation occurred with a small (less than 20%) but statistically significant increases in size and the r₂ relaxivity. An improved HIR technique (faster heating rate and improved vortexing) was developed specifically for copper and used with the HIR technique and [⁶⁴Cu]Cu²⁺. Using SEC and TLC analyses with [⁹⁰Y]Y³⁺, [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu³⁺ and [⁶⁴Cu]Cu²⁺, RCYs were greater than 85% and RCPs were greater than 95% in all cases.

Conclusion: The chelate-free HIR technique for binding metals to FH NPs has been extended to a range of metals with radioisotopes used in therapeutic and diagnostic applications. Cations with f-orbital electrons, more empty d-orbitals, larger radii, and higher positive charges achieved higher values of RCY and RCP in the HIR reaction. The ability to use a simple heating step to bind a wide range of metals to the FH NP, a widely available approved drug, may allow this NP to become a platform for obtaining radiolabeled nanoparticles in many settings.

Keywords: HIR; nanomedicine; radiolabeling; radionuclide therapy; Feraheme.