Myelin water imaging (MWI) is an MRI imaging biomarker for myelin. This method can generate an in vivo whole-brain myelin water fraction map in approximately 10 minutes. It has been applied in various applications including neurodegenerative disease, neurodevelopmental, and neuroplasticity studies. In this review we start with a brief introduction of myelin biology and discuss the contributions of myelin in conventional MRI contrasts. Then the MRI properties of myelin water and four different MWI methods, which are categorized as T2 -, T2 *-, T1 -, and steady-state-based MWI, are summarized. After that, we cover more practical issues such as availability, interpretation, and validation of these methods. To illustrate the utility of MWI as a clinical research tool, MWI studies for two diseases, multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica, are introduced. Additional topics about imaging myelin in gray matter and non-MWI methods for myelin imaging are also included. Although technical and physiological limitations exist, MWI is a potent surrogate biomarker of myelin that carries valuable and useful information of myelin. Evidence Level: 5 Technical Efficacy: 1 J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2021;53:360-373.
Keywords: GRASE-MWI; ViSTa-MWI; mcDESPOT; myelin water; neuroplasticity.
© 2020 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.