Where's the wine? Heavy social drinkers show attentional bias towards alcohol in a visual conjunction search task

Abstract

Background and aims: Research indicates that high consumers of alcohol exhibit attentional bias (AB) towards alcohol-related cues, suggestive of a cognitive mechanism that might drive substance seeking. Many tasks that measure AB (e.g. visual probe, addiction Stroop), however, are limited by their reliance on non-appetitive control cues, the serial presentation of stimuli and their poor internal reliability. The current study employed a visual conjunction search (VCS) task capable of presenting multiple alcoholic and non-alcoholic appetitive cues simultaneously to assess whether social drinkers attend selectively to alcoholic stimuli. To assess the construct validity of this task, we examined whether alcohol consumption and related problems, subjective craving and drinking motives predict alcohol-specific AB.

Design and setting: A VCS task was performed in a laboratory setting, which required participants to detect the presence of appetitive alcoholic (wine, beer) and non-alcoholic (cola, lemonade) targets within arrays of matching and non-matching distractors.

Participants: Data from 99 participants were assessed [mean_age = 20.77, standard deviation (SD) = 2.98; 64 (65%) females], with 81.8% meeting the threshold for harmful alcohol consumption (mean_AUDIT = 12.89, SD = 5.79).

Measurements: Self-reports of alcohol consumption and related problems [Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)], subjective craving (Alcohol Craving Questionnaire Short Form) and drinking motives (Drinking Motives Questionnaire Short Form) were obtained, and the VCS task measured response times for the correct detection of alcoholic and non-alcoholic targets.

Findings: Participants were significantly quicker to detect alcoholic relative to non-alcoholic appetitive targets (P < 0.001, d_z = 0.41), which was predicted positively by AUDIT scores (P = 0.013, R² = 0.06%). The VCS task achieved excellent reliability (α > 0.79), superior to other paradigms.

Conclusions: The visual conjunction search task appears to be a highly reliable method for assessing alcohol-related attentional bias, and shows that heavy social drinkers prioritize alcoholic cues in their immediate environment.

Keywords: AUDIT; Alcohol consumption; attentional bias; drinking motives; subjective craving; visual attention; visual search.