Poly(d,l-Lactic acid) Composite Foams Containing Phosphate Glass Particles Produced via Solid-State Foaming Using CO2 for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Maziar Shah Mohammadi; Ehsan Rezabeigi; Jason Bertram; Benedetto Marelli; Richard Gendron; Showan N Nazhat; Martin N Bureau

doi:10.3390/polym12010231

Poly(d,l-Lactic acid) Composite Foams Containing Phosphate Glass Particles Produced via Solid-State Foaming Using CO₂ for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Polymers (Basel). 2020 Jan 17;12(1):231. doi: 10.3390/polym12010231.

Authors

Maziar Shah Mohammadi¹, Ehsan Rezabeigi¹, Jason Bertram¹, Benedetto Marelli¹, Richard Gendron², Showan N Nazhat¹, Martin N Bureau^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada.
² National Research Council Canada, Boucherville, QC J4B 6Y4, Canada.

Abstract

This study reports on the production and characterization of highly porous (up to 91%) composite foams for potential bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. A calcium phosphate-based glass particulate (PGP) filler of the formulation 50P₂O₅-40CaO-10TiO₂ mol.%, was incorporated into biodegradable poly(d,l-lactic acid) (PDLLA) at 5, 10, 20, and 30 vol.%. The composites were fabricated by melt compounding (extrusion) and compression molding, and converted into porous structures through solid-state foaming (SSF) using high-pressure gaseous carbon dioxide. The morphological and mechanical properties of neat PDLLA and composites in both nonporous and porous states were examined. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that the PGPs were well dispersed throughout the matrices. The highly porous composite systems exhibited improved compressive strength and Young's modulus (up to >2-fold) and well-interconnected macropores (up to ~78% open pores at 30 vol.% PGP) compared to those of the neat PDLLA foam. The pore size of the composite foams decreased with increasing PGPs content from an average of 920 µm for neat PDLLA foam to 190 µm for PDLLA-30PGP. Furthermore, the experimental data was in line with the Gibson and Ashby model, and effective microstructural changes were confirmed to occur upon 30 vol.% PGP incorporation. Interestingly, the SSF technique allowed for a high incorporation of bioactive particles (up to 30 vol.%-equivalent to ~46 wt.%) while maintaining the morphological and mechanical criteria required for BTE scaffolds. Based on the results, the SSF technique can offer more advantages and flexibility for designing composite foams with tunable characteristics compared to other methods used for the fabrication of BTE scaffolds.

Keywords: biodegradable composites; carbon dioxide; phosphate-based glass particulates; poly(d,l-lactic) acid; solid-state foaming; tissue engineering.