Due to the increasing focus on host inflammatory processes with regard to the aetiology of periodontal disease, diet has become an important factor in host modulation. Recent investigations showed that the industrialized western diet, which is characterized by highly processed foods (processed carbohydrates like sugar, white flour, and processed fatty acids like trans fats) and a low micronutrient density, promotes gingival and periodontal inflammation. On the other hand, a plant-based diet rich in low-glycaemic, complex carbohydrates (like in fruits, vegetables, legumes), Omega-3 fatty acids, micronutrients (like vitamins, minerals), phytochemicals, plant nitrates, and fibres seems to bring benefits as well for periodontal inflammation as for caries, and general health. This chapter aims to present the underlying studies and possible mechanisms.
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