Phospholipid N-methyltransferases (PLMTs) synthesize phosphatidylcholine by methylating phosphatidylethanolamine using S-adenosylmethionine as a methyl donor. Eukaryotic PLMTs are integral membrane enzymes located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Recently Opi3, a PLMT of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was proposed to perform in trans catalysis, i.e. while localized in the ER, Opi3 would methylate lipid substrates located in the plasma membrane at membrane contact sites. Here, we tested whether the Opi3 active site is located at the cytosolic side of the ER membrane, which is a prerequisite for in trans catalysis. The membrane topology of Opi3 (and its human counterpart, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, expressed in yeast) was addressed by topology prediction algorithms and by the substituted cysteine accessibility method. The results of these analyses indicated that Opi3 (as well as phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) has an N-out C-in topology and contains four transmembrane domains, with the fourth forming a re-entrant loop. On the basis of the sequence conservation between the C-terminal half of Opi3 and isoprenyl cysteine carboxyl methyltransferases with a solved crystal structure, we identified amino acids critical for Opi3 activity by site-directed mutagenesis. Modeling of the structure of the C-terminal part of Opi3 was consistent with the topology obtained by the substituted cysteine accessibility method and revealed that the active site faces the cytosol. In conclusion, the location of the Opi3 active site identified here is consistent with the proposed mechanism of in trans catalysis, as well as with conventional catalysis in cis.
Keywords: S-adenosylmethionine (SAM); cysteine scanning; cysteine-mediated cross-linking; in trans catalysis; membrane enzyme; membrane topology; phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT); phospholipid N-methyltransferase (PLMT); phospholipid metabolism; yeast.
© 2020 Pawlik et al.