Objectives: Given the increased risk of malnutrition in residential care homes, we studied how specific aspects of the mealtime environment are associated with residents' eating challenges and energy intake in general and dementia care units of these homes.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Participants: 624 residents and 82 dining rooms.
Setting: 32 residential care homes across Canada.
Measurements: Eating challenges were measured using the Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia Questionnaire (Ed-FED-q). Energy intake was estimated over nine meals. Physical, social, person-centered, functional, and homelike aspects of the mealtime environment were scored using standardized, valid measures. Effects of interactions between dining environment scores and eating challenges on daily energy intake were assessed using linear regression.
Results: More eating challenges were associated with decreased energy intake on the general (β = -36.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -47.8, -25.2) and dementia care units (β = -19.9, 95% CI = -34.6, -5.2). Among residents living on general care units, the functional (β = 48.5, 95% CI = 1.8, 95.2) and physical (β = 56.9, 95% CI = 7.2, 106.7) environment scores were positively and directly associated with energy intake; the social and person-centered aspects of the mealtime environment moderated the relationship between eating challenges and energy intake.
Conclusions: Resident eating challenges were significantly associated with energy intake on both dementia care and general care units; however on general care units, when adjusting for eating challenges, the functional and physical aspects of the environment also had a direct effect on energy intake. Furthermore, the social and person-centered aspects of the dining environment on general care units moderated the relationship between eating challenges and energy intake. Dementia care unit environments had no measurable effect on the association between resident eating challenges and energy intake.
Keywords: dementia; eating challenges; energy intake; environment; food intake; long-term care; mealtime; residential care homes.