Grandmothers as Change Agents: Developing a Culturally Appropriate Program to Improve Maternal and Child Nutrition in Sierra Leone

Carolyn A MacDonald; Judi Aubel; Bridget A Aidam; Amy Webb Girard

doi:10.1093/cdn/nzz141

Grandmothers as Change Agents: Developing a Culturally Appropriate Program to Improve Maternal and Child Nutrition in Sierra Leone

Curr Dev Nutr. 2019 Dec 10;4(1):nzz141. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzz141. eCollection 2020 Jan.

Authors

Carolyn A MacDonald¹, Judi Aubel², Bridget A Aidam¹, Amy Webb Girard³

Affiliations

¹ World Vision International, Nutrition Centre of Expertise, Mississauga, Canada.
² Grandmother Project: Change through Culture, Rome, Italy.
³ Hubert Department of Global Health and Nutrition, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Abstract

Background: Global recommendations on optimal maternal and child nutrition (MCN) practices are clear; however, there is limited literature 1) exploring how roles of family members influence those practices and on 2) designing programs accordingly. Researchers using a family-systems approach in the Global South find that grandmothers often play a vital role in MCN, yet most nutrition programs narrowly target mothers, thereby potentially limiting effectiveness.

Objectives: This article reports on the results of qualitative research exploring the roles and influence of family members on MCN in southern Sierra Leone, the local MCN beliefs and practices, and how those findings informed the design of a culturally appropriate program.

Methods: Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with mothers, fathers, and grandmothers in 9 communities in Bonthe District, Sierra Leone. We used participatory tools to explore family members' roles and local MCN beliefs and practices. Interviews were recorded by notetakers and coded and analyzed using a content analysis approach.

Results: A total of 88 mothers, 125 grandmothers, and 79 fathers participated in the FGDs. All groups indicated that 1) grandmothers are the culturally designated advisors and supervisors of women on MCN issues and 2) mothers are not autonomous decision makers and are greatly influenced by grandmothers. The research identified both beneficial MCN practices and gaps between optimal and existing MCN practices-particularly related to maternal diet during pregnancy and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 mo. Research findings were used to design a grandmother-inclusive program.

Conclusions: Our research showed that mothers are embedded in a family system of caring and supervision where grandmothers have primary influence on MCN practices, clearly supporting the need for grandmothers to have a central role in community MCN programs. It also points to the need for increased use of a family-systems approach in designing public health nutrition programs.

Keywords: behavior change; community nutrition; family systems; grandmothers; intrahousehold decision making.