Glia and extracellular matrix molecules: What are their importance for the electrographic and MRI changes in the epileptogenic zone?

Abstract

Glial cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are crucial for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Especially because of their actions regarding neurotransmitter and ionic control, and synaptic function, these cells can potentially contribute to the hyperexcitability seen in the epileptogenic, while ECM changes are linked to synaptic reorganization. The present review will explore glial and ECM homeostatic roles and their potential contribution to tissue plasticity. Finally, we will address how glial, and ECM changes in the epileptogenic zone can be seen in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), pointing out their importance as markers for the extension of the epileptogenic area. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".

Keywords: Activated microglia; Epileptogenic zone; Extracellular matrix; Magnetic resonance; Oligodendrocyte; Reactive astrocytes.