Latent turn-on fluorescent probe for the detection of toxic malononitrile in water and its practical applications

Abstract

A latent turn-on fluorescent probe for the detection of malononitrile (NCCH₂CN), a precursor of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the mammalian tissue metabolism, is developed based on reaction-based fluorophore generation for the first time. Malononitrile is utilized within a wide spectrum of academic and industrial applications, and it is a key reagent to make o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS gas; tear gas), which is used for riot control. Due to its extensive use as well as potential health risks and the environmental pollution, malononitrile monitoring method has been required. In this paper, we discovered that our key sensing platform, 6-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde (named Mal-P1), responds sensitively and selectively towards malononitrile. The Knoevenagel condensation induced benzo [g]coumarin formation of Mal-P1 with malononitrile showed significant fluorescence turn-on response. In addition, Mal-P1 showed the malononitrile sensing ability in environmental samples (real water, CS gas) and imaging ability in biological sample (HeLa cell line) using fluorescence microscopy with low cytotoxicity. The successful demonstrations will facilitate further applications in a variety of fields.

Keywords: Bioimaging; Cellular imaging; Malononitrile; Molecular probe; Reaction-based probe; Sensing.